䠀椀猀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 椀猀 愀渀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀爀琀椀猀琀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 愀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀⸀
挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀 挀漀渀挀攀爀渀椀渀最 琀栀攀 搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 漀昀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀⸀
吀栀椀猀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 non-reactive energy transfer processes, and coupled kinetics瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 椀渀 挀漀洀戀甀猀琀椀漀渀⸀ 㰀椀洀最 愀氀椀最渀㴀爀椀最栀琀 戀漀爀搀攀爀㴀㈀ 猀爀挀㴀∀⸀最椀昀∀㸀䤀琀猀 戀愀猀椀挀 愀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀 椀猀 琀漀 combine a theoretical effort in the energetics and dynamics漀昀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀渀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀 攀昀昀漀爀琀 椀渀 搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 and kinetics under chemically isolated conditions and also甀渀搀攀爀 洀漀爀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 昀氀愀洀攀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 吀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 effort, involving five staff members, embraces both large-scale愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 攀砀椀猀琀椀渀最 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 of new methods that efficiently exploit advanced computer愀爀挀栀椀琀攀挀琀甀爀攀猀⸀ 䈀漀琀栀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀猀 琀栀愀琀 determine intermolecular forces and dynamics techniques琀栀愀琀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 爀攀猀瀀漀渀猀攀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀猀攀 昀漀爀挀攀猀 眀椀氀氀 戀攀 pursued.
Simulations of more complex combustion 攀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀椀渀最 挀漀甀瀀氀椀渀最 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀猀 愀爀攀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀椀渀最 pursued. The experimental effort, involving five staff members, 攀渀挀漀洀瀀愀猀猀攀猀 猀琀愀琀攀ⴀ爀攀猀漀氀瘀攀搀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 昀氀漀眀 琀甀戀攀猀 愀琀 氀漀眀 temperatures, thermal reaction kinetics measurements in shock 琀甀戀攀猀 愀琀 栀椀最栀 琀攀洀瀀攀爀琀愀琀甀爀攀猀Ⰰ 瀀栀漀琀漀椀漀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 of thresholds and state-resolved product distributions, and椀渀 猀椀琀甀 堀ⴀ爀愀礀 猀挀愀琀琀攀爀椀渀最 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 猀漀漀琀椀渀最 昀氀愀洀攀猀⸀ Reaction rates, branching ratios (between different neutral瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀 漀爀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 椀漀渀椀挀 愀渀搀 渀攀甀琀爀愀氀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀⤀Ⰰ 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 distributions, the effect of initial vibrational excitation on爀攀愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀Ⰰ 椀漀渀ⴀ挀礀挀氀攀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀爀洀漀挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 椀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 the morphology and chemistry of soot formation can all be攀砀愀洀椀渀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀氀漀猀攀 挀漀甀瀀氀椀渀最 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 愀渀搀 experiment brings a unique combination of expertise to戀攀愀爀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 吀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 椀猀 designed to provide a fundamental understanding of both洀愀樀漀爀 愀渀搀 琀爀愀挀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 椀渀 挀漀洀戀甀猀琀椀漀渀⸀
䴀愀渀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀猀 漀昀 漀甀爀 最爀漀甀瀀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 最爀漀甀瀀 members and a mixture of expertise that complicates any愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 琀漀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀 漀甀爀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀猀 戀礀 愀甀琀栀漀爀猀 漀爀 戀礀 挀愀琀攀最漀爀椀攀猀⸀ Nonetheless, in the sections that follow, each of our ten staff眀椀氀氀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 琀栀攀椀爀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 最爀漀甀瀀✀猀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀洀攀渀琀猀⸀ To give a flavor of the group's accomplishments, I cite here 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀洀攀渀琀猀㨀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 伀甀爀 最爀漀甀瀀 椀渀椀琀椀愀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 氀攀搀 愀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀⼀攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀 multi-national-laboratory collaboration that definitively猀栀漀眀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 栀攀愀琀 漀昀 昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 伀䠀 爀愀搀椀挀愀氀 栀愀猀 been overestimated in all standard thermochemical琀愀戀氀攀猀 戀礀 愀瀀瀀爀漀砀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 ⸀㔀 欀挀愀氀⼀洀漀氀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Our group has concluded by systematic experimental洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 愀渀搀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀椀瘀攀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 琀栀愀琀 the recombination rate of H+O2 is an order of magnitude 昀愀猀琀攀爀 椀渀 眀愀琀攀爀 瘀愀瀀漀爀 琀栀愀渀 椀渀 漀琀栀攀爀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 戀甀昀昀攀爀 最愀猀攀猀 (e.g., rare gases, oxygen, nitrogen, or methane) because 漀昀 氀漀渀最ⴀ爀愀渀最攀 瀀漀氀愀爀ⴀ瀀漀氀愀爀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀猀琀愀琀椀挀 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Our group, in collaboration with theoretical and攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀猀 愀琀 漀琀栀攀爀 䐀伀䔀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 栀愀猀 demonstrated that the addition-elimination process䌀䠀㌀⬀伀 글 䠀㈀⬀䠀䌀伀 眀椀琀栀 愀 戀愀爀爀椀攀爀 戀甀琀 渀漀 猀愀搀搀氀攀 瀀漀椀渀琀 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 and no steepest descent reaction path can still account for 縀㈀ ─ 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 戀爀愀渀挀栀椀渀最 爀愀琀椀漀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 documentation of a reaction that can not be modeled by 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 瀀愀琀栀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Utilizing state-of-the-art wave packet propagation techniques,琀栀攀 爀漀氀攀 漀昀 攀砀挀椀琀攀搀 猀琀愀琀攀 愀渀搀 渀漀渀ⴀ愀搀椀愀戀愀琀椀挀 搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 O(1D) + H2 ® OH + H reaction was investigated. Extensive挀愀氀挀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 最爀漀甀渀搀 愀渀搀 琀眀漀 攀砀挀椀琀攀搀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀 states predicted the ratio of the reactive cross sections for 爀漀琀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀 攀砀挀椀琀攀搀 愀渀搀 挀漀氀搀 䠀㈀⸀ 吀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 搀椀猀愀最爀攀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 earlier experiments and motivated a new molecular beam 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀 琀栀愀琀 愀最爀攀攀搀 焀甀愀渀琀椀琀愀琀椀瘀攀氀礀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 predictions.
伀甀爀 最爀漀甀瀀 栀愀猀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 渀攀眀 眀愀礀猀 琀漀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀椀最愀琀攀 琀栀攀 long-time dynamics of nonlinear master equations. This has 愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 甀猀 琀漀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 爀愀琀攀 氀愀眀猀 琀漀 搀攀猀挀爀椀戀攀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀椀漀渀 kinetics and vibrational relaxation. Applications have been 洀愀搀攀 琀漀 洀攀琀栀礀氀 爀攀挀漀洀戀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 渀漀渀氀椀渀攀愀爀 瘀椀戀爀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 relaxation of oxirane. In both cases, our rate laws model the 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀氀礀 眀栀椀氀攀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀 爀愀琀攀 氀愀眀猀 戀爀攀愀欀 搀漀眀渀 眀栀攀渀 reactant concentrations within inert buffer gases become a 昀攀眀 瀀攀爀挀攀渀琀 漀爀 栀椀最栀攀爀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 Our group, in collaboration with computational scientists in 琀栀攀 䴀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀猀 愀渀搀 䌀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀 䐀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀Ⰰ 栀愀猀 developed a new general way to iteratively solve matrix 攀椀最攀渀瘀愀氀甀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 洀攀琀栀漀搀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 匀倀䄀䴀Ⰰ 甀猀攀猀 projection operators and a simple matrix that approximates 琀栀攀 攀砀愀挀琀 漀渀攀 琀漀 愀挀挀攀氀攀爀愀琀攀 琀栀攀 䐀愀瘀椀搀猀漀渀 椀琀攀爀愀琀椀瘀攀 洀攀琀栀漀搀 (typically used in electronic structure calculations). The洀攀琀栀漀搀 椀猀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 琀漀 愀氀氀 攀椀最攀渀瘀愀氀甀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 眀栀攀爀攀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 insight can produce a simple approximate matrix.
伀甀爀 最爀漀甀瀀Ⰰ 椀渀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 䌀愀爀戀漀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 group within the division, has initiated a program of in situ 愀渀愀氀礀猀椀猀 漀昀 渀愀渀漀ⴀ猀挀愀氀攀 猀漀漀琀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 昀氀愀洀攀猀 甀猀椀渀最 猀洀愀氀氀 愀渀最氀攀 X-ray scattering (SAXS) at the Advanced Photon Source. 吀栀椀猀 攀昀昀漀爀琀Ⰰ 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 匀䄀堀匀 愀瀀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 gas-phase, has discovered detailed structure in soot 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 氀愀洀椀渀愀爀 昀氀愀洀攀猀 愀渀搀 栀愀猀 氀攀搀 琀漀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 of a prototype detector to monitor transient (e.g., droplet) 昀氀愀洀攀猀 眀椀琀栀 愀 琀椀洀攀 爀攀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 縀 딀猀⸀ 匀甀挀栀 愀 搀攀琀攀挀琀漀爀 will be useful in many other areas of chemistry.伀甀爀 最爀漀甀瀀 栀愀猀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 搀攀琀愀椀氀攀搀 猀琀愀琀攀ⴀ to-state studies ever performed of vibrational autoionization 椀渀 愀 瀀漀氀礀愀琀漀洀椀挀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀愀猀攀 愀洀洀漀渀椀愀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 伀昀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 fundamental or combination normal mode excitations tried, 椀渀椀琀椀愀氀 攀砀挀椀琀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀洀戀爀攀氀氀愀 洀漀搀攀 椀猀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀漀 戀攀 琀栀攀 most effective in promoting autoionization and the final 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀 愀 挀栀愀渀最攀 椀渀 攀椀琀栀攀爀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀 symmetry or rotational quantum number depending on the 猀瀀攀挀椀昀椀挀 愀甀琀漀椀漀渀椀稀椀渀最 氀攀瘀攀氀⸀
吀栀攀猀攀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀氀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀猀 愀渀搀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 猀甀洀洀愀爀椀攀猀 琀漀 follow illustrate that our group has increasingly reached out beyond 最爀漀甀瀀 戀漀甀渀搀愀爀椀攀猀 琀漀 挀愀爀爀礀 漀甀琀 昀甀渀搀愀洀攀渀琀愀氀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 椀渀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 reactivity.
We have always had strong experimental-theoretical 椀渀琀攀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 最爀漀甀瀀 愀渀搀 愀渀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 university programs. However, in the last several years we have 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀攀搀 洀漀爀攀 椀渀琀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 琀栀愀渀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 眀椀琀栀 漀琀栀攀爀 瀀愀爀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 national laboratory system. For example, our involvement with 琀栀攀 䌀愀爀戀漀渀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 最爀漀甀瀀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 漀甀爀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀 椀猀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 琀漀 be a long-term collaboration driven by a mutual interest in soot 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 愀渀搀 愀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 戀愀挀欀最爀漀甀渀搀 椀渀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀 愀渀搀 theoretical expertise.
Likewise, our involvement with computational 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀猀 椀渀 漀琀栀攀爀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀 椀猀 愀氀猀漀 氀漀渀最ⴀ琀攀爀洀 愀渀搀 愀 爀攀挀漀最渀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 the fact that computational chemistry worldwide is one of the 氀攀愀搀椀渀最 挀漀渀猀甀洀攀爀猀 漀昀 挀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 栀愀爀搀眀愀爀攀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 愀渀搀 戀漀琀栀 愀 beneficiary and a source of advanced computer software. Our 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀洀攀渀琀 眀椀琀栀 漀琀栀攀爀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 琀栀攀 Combustion Research Facility at Sandia National Laboratory 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䔀渀瘀椀爀漀渀洀攀渀琀愀氀 䴀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀 䰀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 愀琀 倀愀挀椀昀椀挀 Northwest National Laboratory, reflects the complementary 攀砀瀀攀爀琀椀猀攀 琀栀愀琀 栀愀猀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 挀攀渀琀攀爀攀搀 愀琀 琀栀漀猀攀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀椀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 broader involvement by the group has not only furthered our 挀漀洀戀甀猀琀椀漀渀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀 戀甀琀 栀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 眀漀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 funding outside of Chemical Sciences.
This additional funding 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀猀 搀椀猀挀爀攀琀椀漀渀愀爀礀 ⠀䰀䐀刀䐀⤀ 昀甀渀搀椀渀最 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 猀漀漀琀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) 昀甀渀搀椀渀最 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䴀愀琀栀攀洀愀琀椀挀猀Ⰰ 䤀渀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䌀漀洀瀀甀琀攀爀 Science (MICS) office in DOE.
While different funding sources 搀漀 渀漀琀 栀愀瘀攀 椀搀攀渀琀椀挀愀氀 洀椀猀猀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 眀攀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀 琀栀攀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀 昀甀渀搀椀渀最 we receive will only augment and accelerate the Chemical 匀挀椀攀渀挀攀猀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀 椀渀 昀甀渀搀愀洀攀渀琀愀氀 挀漀洀戀甀猀琀椀漀渀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀⸀
䤀渀 琀栀攀 昀甀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 漀甀爀 最爀漀甀瀀 椀渀琀攀渀搀猀 琀漀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀 琀漀 瀀甀爀猀甀攀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀 and theoretical studies into the details of chemical reactivity洀愀渀椀昀攀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 挀漀洀戀甀猀琀椀漀渀⸀ 圀攀 昀攀攀氀 琀栀椀猀 椀猀 琀栀攀 ∀最漀氀搀攀渀 愀最攀∀ 漀昀 combustion research in which effective coupling of experiment and琀栀攀漀爀礀 挀愀渀 戀攀 愀挀栀椀攀瘀攀搀 昀漀爀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀椀渀最氀礀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 that are prevalent but still poorly characterized within combustion. 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 琀栀攀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀椀渀最 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀椀琀礀 漀昀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 眀攀 愀爀攀 猀琀甀搀礀椀渀最 and the broader collaborations the group has become involved in 猀甀最最攀猀琀猀 昀甀琀甀爀攀 最爀漀甀瀀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀猀 渀漀琀 攀砀挀氀甀猀椀瘀攀氀礀 琀椀攀搀 琀漀 最愀猀ⴀ瀀栀愀猀攀 processes that have been our focus in the past. For example, the 猀漀漀琀 瀀爀漀樀攀挀琀 眀椀氀氀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀 甀猀 椀渀 挀氀甀猀琀攀爀 愀渀搀 愀最最氀漀洀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 欀椀渀攀琀椀挀猀 that has both gas phase and gas-surface overtones.
Furthermore,琀栀攀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀愀氀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀漀爀攀琀椀挀愀氀 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀猀 眀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀 昀漀爀 猀漀漀琀
studies may well be applicable to studies of complex systems 漀甀琀猀椀搀攀 漀昀 挀漀洀戀甀猀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 猀甀挀栀 愀猀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 猀攀氀昀ⴀ愀猀猀攀洀戀氀礀 漀爀
chelation kinetics. Another example of a broader study of 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 爀攀愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 漀甀爀 最爀漀甀瀀 椀猀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 椀渀 椀猀 愀 渀攀眀 挀漀氀氀愀戀漀爀愀琀椀漀渀
with university researchers into reaction kinetics under carbon 渀愀渀漀琀甀戀攀 挀漀渀昀椀渀攀洀攀渀琀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 圀栀椀氀攀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀猀攀 愀挀琀椀瘀椀琀椀攀猀 愀爀攀 爀漀漀琀攀搀 椀渀
our experience and expertise in gas phase combustion research, 琀栀攀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 椀琀猀攀氀昀 椀猀 氀攀愀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 最爀漀甀瀀 琀漀 愀 昀甀琀甀爀攀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀
broader issues of chemical reactivity can be addressed beyond 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀砀琀 漀昀 挀漀洀戀甀猀琀椀漀渀 戀甀琀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 琀栀攀 昀甀渀搀愀洀攀渀琀愀氀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀
agenda of Chemical Sciences.㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀
Yuan Tseh Lee was born on November 19, 1936 in Hsinchu, Taiwan. 䠀椀猀 昀愀琀栀攀爀 椀猀 愀渀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀爀琀椀猀琀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 洀漀琀栀攀爀 愀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 琀攀愀挀栀攀爀⸀
䠀攀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 栀椀猀 攀愀爀氀礀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀 眀栀椀氀攀 吀愀椀眀愀渀 眀愀猀 甀渀搀攀爀 䨀愀瀀愀渀攀猀攀 漀挀挀甀瀀愀琀椀漀渀 ⴀ 愀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 漀昀 愀 眀愀爀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 䌀栀椀渀愀 愀渀搀 䨀愀瀀愀渀 椀渀 㠀㤀㐀⸀ 䠀椀猀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 搀椀猀爀甀瀀琀攀搀 猀漀漀渀 愀昀琀攀爀 椀琀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 搀甀爀椀渀最 圀漀爀氀搀 圀愀爀 䤀䤀 眀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀 挀椀琀礀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀挀攀 眀愀猀 爀攀氀漀挀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀猀 琀漀 愀瘀漀椀搀 琀栀攀 搀愀椀氀礀 戀漀洀戀椀渀最 戀礀 琀栀攀 䄀氀氀椀攀猀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 渀漀琀 甀渀琀椀氀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 眀愀爀 眀栀攀渀 吀愀椀眀愀渀 眀愀猀 爀攀琀甀爀渀攀搀 琀漀 䌀栀椀渀愀 琀栀愀琀 栀攀 眀愀猀 愀戀氀攀 琀漀 愀琀琀攀渀搀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 渀漀爀洀愀氀氀礀 愀猀 愀 琀栀椀爀搀 礀攀愀爀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀 椀渀 最爀愀搀攀 猀挀栀漀漀氀⸀
䠀椀猀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 愀渀搀 猀攀挀漀渀搀愀爀礀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 䠀猀椀渀挀栀甀 眀愀猀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 挀漀氀漀爀昀甀氀 愀渀搀 昀甀氀氀 漀昀 昀甀渀⸀ 䤀渀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 猀挀栀漀漀氀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀愀猀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 戀愀猀攀洀愀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀挀栀漀漀氀✀猀 戀愀猀攀戀愀氀氀 琀攀愀洀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀猀 愀 洀攀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀椀渀最ⴀ瀀漀渀最 琀攀愀洀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀漀渀 琀栀攀 氀椀琀琀氀攀 氀攀愀最甀攀 挀栀愀洀瀀椀漀渀猀栀椀瀀 椀渀 吀愀椀眀愀渀⸀ 䤀渀 栀椀最栀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 栀攀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 琀攀渀渀椀猀 琀攀愀洀 戀攀猀椀搀攀猀 瀀氀愀礀椀渀最 琀爀漀洀戀漀渀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀愀爀挀栀椀渀最 戀愀渀搀⸀
䈀攀猀椀搀攀猀 栀椀猀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 椀渀 猀瀀漀爀琀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 愀渀 愀瘀椀搀 愀渀搀 猀攀爀椀漀甀猀 爀攀愀搀攀爀 漀昀 愀 眀椀搀攀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀礀 漀昀 戀漀漀欀猀 挀漀瘀攀爀椀渀最 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 氀椀琀攀爀愀琀甀爀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀漀挀椀愀氀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 戀椀漀最爀愀瀀栀礀 漀昀 䴀愀搀愀洀攀 䌀甀爀椀攀 洀愀搀攀 愀 猀琀爀漀渀最 椀洀瀀愀挀琀 漀渀 栀椀洀 愀琀 愀 礀漀甀渀最 愀最攀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 䴀愀搀愀洀攀 䌀甀爀椀攀✀猀 戀攀愀甀琀椀昀甀氀 氀椀昀攀 愀猀 愀 眀漀渀搀攀爀昀甀氀 栀甀洀愀渀 戀攀椀渀最Ⰰ 栀攀爀 搀攀搀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀眀愀爀搀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 栀攀爀 猀攀氀昀氀攀猀猀渀攀猀猀Ⰰ 椀搀攀愀氀椀猀洀 琀栀愀琀 洀愀搀攀 栀椀洀 搀攀挀椀搀攀 琀漀 戀攀 愀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀⸀
䤀渀 㤀㔀㔀Ⰰ 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 攀砀挀攀氀氀攀渀琀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀愀渀挀攀 椀渀 栀椀最栀 猀挀栀漀漀氀Ⰰ 䰀攀攀 眀愀猀 愀搀洀椀琀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 吀愀椀眀愀渀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 眀椀琀栀漀甀琀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 攀渀琀爀愀渀挀攀 攀砀愀洀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀攀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀 琀漀漀欀 琀漀 愀搀洀椀琀 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀⸀ 䈀礀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 栀椀猀 昀爀攀猀栀洀愀渀 礀攀愀爀 栀攀 栀愀搀 搀攀挀椀搀攀搀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 眀愀猀 琀漀 戀攀 栀椀猀 挀栀漀猀攀渀 昀椀攀氀搀⸀ 䄀氀琀栀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 吀愀椀眀愀渀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 眀攀爀攀 氀攀猀猀 琀栀愀渀 椀搀攀愀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀爀攀攀 愀渀搀 攀砀挀椀琀椀渀最 愀琀洀漀猀瀀栀攀爀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 搀攀搀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀漀洀攀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 挀愀洀愀爀愀搀攀爀椀攀 愀洀漀渀最 昀攀氀氀漀眀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 愀 眀愀礀 洀愀搀攀 甀瀀 昀漀爀 椀琀⸀ 䠀攀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 甀渀搀攀爀 倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 䠀甀愀ⴀ猀栀攀渀最 䌀栀攀渀最 漀渀 栀椀猀 䈀⸀匀⸀ 琀栀攀猀椀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 匀爀 愀渀搀 䈀愀 甀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀瀀栀漀爀攀猀椀猀 洀攀琀栀漀搀⸀
䄀昀琀攀爀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 㤀㔀㤀Ⰰ 栀攀 眀攀渀琀 漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 一愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 吀猀椀渀最栀甀愀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 琀漀 搀漀 栀椀猀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀 眀漀爀欀⸀ 䠀攀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀攀搀 栀椀猀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀✀猀 搀攀最爀攀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 爀愀搀椀漀椀猀漀琀漀瀀攀猀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀搀 椀渀 䠀甀欀甀琀漀氀椀琀攀Ⰰ 愀 洀椀渀攀爀愀氀 漀昀 栀漀琀 猀瀀爀椀渀最 猀攀搀椀洀攀渀琀 甀渀搀攀爀 倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 䠀⸀ 䠀愀洀愀最甀挀栀椀✀猀 最甀椀搀愀渀挀攀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀椀渀最 栀椀猀 䴀⸀匀⸀ 栀攀 猀琀愀礀攀搀 漀渀 愀琀 吀猀椀渀最栀甀愀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 愀猀 愀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 愀猀猀椀猀琀愀渀琀 漀昀 倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 䌀⸀䠀⸀ 圀漀渀最 愀渀搀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀 琀栀攀 砀ⴀ爀愀礀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀爀椀挀礀挀氀漀瀀攀渀琀愀搀椀攀渀礀氀 猀愀洀愀爀椀甀洀⸀
䠀攀 攀渀琀攀爀攀搀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䌀愀氀椀昀漀爀渀椀愀 愀琀 䈀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀 愀猀 愀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀 椀渀 㤀㘀㈀⸀ 䠀攀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 甀渀搀攀爀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀 倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 䈀爀甀挀攀 䴀愀栀愀渀 昀漀爀 栀椀猀 琀栀攀猀椀猀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 漀渀 挀栀攀洀椀椀漀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀 漀昀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀愀氀氀礀 攀砀挀椀琀攀搀 愀氀欀愀氀椀 愀琀漀洀猀⸀ 䐀甀爀椀渀最 栀椀猀 最爀愀搀甀愀琀攀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀 礀攀愀爀猀Ⰰ 栀攀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 愀渀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 椀渀 椀漀渀ⴀ洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀 漀昀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 猀挀愀琀琀攀爀椀渀最Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 琀栀攀 挀爀漀猀猀攀搀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 戀攀愀洀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 漀昀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀⸀
唀瀀漀渀 爀攀挀攀椀瘀椀渀最 栀椀猀 倀栀⸀䐀⸀ 搀攀最爀攀攀 椀渀 㤀㘀㔀Ⰰ 栀攀 猀琀愀礀攀搀 漀渀 椀渀 䴀愀栀愀渀✀猀 最爀漀甀瀀 愀渀搀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 琀漀 眀漀爀欀 漀渀 椀漀渀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀瘀攀 猀挀愀琀琀攀爀椀渀最 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 刀漀渀 䜀攀渀琀爀礀 甀猀椀渀最 椀漀渀 戀攀愀洀 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀猀 洀攀愀猀甀爀椀渀最 攀渀攀爀最礀 愀渀搀 愀渀最甀氀愀爀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀⸀ 䤀渀 愀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 漀昀 愀戀漀甀琀 愀 礀攀愀爀 栀攀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀爀琀 漀昀 搀攀猀椀最渀椀渀最 愀渀搀 挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀渀最 愀 瘀攀爀礀 瀀漀眀攀爀昀甀氀 猀挀愀琀琀攀爀椀渀最 愀瀀瀀愀爀愀琀甀猀 愀渀搀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀猀 漀渀 一㈀⬀ ⬀ 䠀㈀ ⴀⴀ㸀 一㈀䠀⬀ ⬀ 䠀 愀渀搀 漀戀琀愀椀渀攀搀 愀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀 搀椀猀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀 挀漀渀琀漀甀爀 洀愀瀀Ⰰ 愀 爀攀洀愀爀欀愀戀氀攀 愀挀挀漀洀瀀氀椀猀栀洀攀渀琀 愀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀椀洀攀⸀
䤀渀 䘀攀戀爀甀愀爀礀 㤀㘀㜀Ⰰ 栀攀 樀漀椀渀攀搀 倀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 䐀甀搀氀攀礀 䠀攀爀猀挀栀戀愀挀栀 愀琀 䠀愀爀瘀愀爀搀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 愀猀 愀 瀀漀猀琀ⴀ搀漀挀琀漀爀愀氀 昀攀氀氀漀眀⸀ 䠀攀 猀瀀攀渀琀 栀愀氀昀 栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 眀椀琀栀 刀漀戀攀爀琀 䜀漀爀搀漀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 栀礀搀爀漀最攀渀 愀琀漀洀猀 愀渀搀 搀椀愀琀漀洀椀挀 愀氀欀愀氀椀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 栀愀氀昀 漀昀 栀椀猀 琀椀洀攀 漀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀愀氀 挀爀漀猀猀攀搀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 戀攀愀洀猀 愀瀀瀀愀爀愀琀甀猀 眀椀琀栀 䐀漀甀最 䴀挀䐀漀渀愀氀搀 愀渀搀 倀椀攀爀爀攀 䰀攀䈀爀攀琀漀渀⸀ 吀椀洀攀 眀愀猀 挀攀爀琀愀椀渀氀礀 爀椀瀀攀 琀漀 洀漀瘀攀 琀栀攀 挀爀漀猀猀攀搀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 戀攀愀洀猀 洀攀琀栀漀搀 戀攀礀漀渀搀 琀栀攀 愀氀欀愀氀椀 愀最攀⸀ 圀椀琀栀 琀爀攀洀攀渀搀漀甀猀 攀昀昀漀爀琀 愀渀搀 瘀愀氀甀愀戀氀攀 愀猀猀椀猀琀愀渀挀攀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 洀愀挀栀椀渀攀 猀栀漀瀀 昀漀爀攀洀愀渀Ⰰ 䜀攀漀爀最攀 倀椀猀椀攀氀氀漀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 洀愀挀栀椀渀攀 眀愀猀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀搀 椀渀 琀攀渀 洀漀渀琀栀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 猀甀挀挀攀猀猀昀甀氀 渀漀渀 愀氀欀愀氀椀 渀攀甀琀爀愀氀 戀攀愀洀 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀 漀渀 䌀氀 ⬀ 䈀爀㈀ ⴀⴀ㸀 䈀爀䌀氀 ⬀ 䈀爀 眀愀猀 挀愀爀爀椀攀搀 漀甀琀 椀渀 氀愀琀攀 㤀㘀㜀⸀
䠀攀 愀挀挀攀瀀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 瀀漀猀椀琀椀漀渀 愀猀 愀渀 愀猀猀椀猀琀愀渀琀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䐀攀瀀愀爀琀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 䌀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䨀愀洀攀猀 䘀爀愀渀挀欀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䌀栀椀挀愀最漀 椀渀 伀挀琀漀戀攀爀 㤀㘀㠀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 栀攀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 愀渀 椀氀氀甀猀琀爀椀漀甀猀 愀挀愀搀攀洀椀挀 挀愀爀攀攀爀⸀ 䠀椀猀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 愀猀 愀 挀爀攀愀琀椀瘀攀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 挀漀渀猀琀爀甀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀 渀攀眀 最攀渀攀爀愀琀椀漀渀 猀琀愀琀攀ⴀ漀昀ⴀ琀栀攀ⴀ愀爀琀 挀爀漀猀猀攀搀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 戀攀愀洀猀 愀瀀瀀愀爀愀琀甀猀 攀渀愀戀氀攀搀 栀椀洀 琀漀 挀愀爀爀礀 漀甀琀 渀甀洀攀爀漀甀猀 攀砀挀椀琀椀渀最 愀渀搀 瀀椀漀渀攀攀爀椀渀最 攀砀瀀攀爀椀洀攀渀琀猀 眀椀琀栀 栀椀猀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 瀀爀漀洀漀琀攀搀 琀漀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 椀渀 伀挀琀漀戀攀爀 㤀㜀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 椀渀 䨀愀渀甀愀爀礀 㤀㜀㌀⸀
䤀渀 㤀㜀㐀Ⰰ 栀攀 爀攀琀甀爀渀攀搀 琀漀 䈀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀 愀猀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀 漀昀 挀栀攀洀椀猀琀爀礀 愀渀搀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀椀最愀琀漀爀 愀琀 琀栀攀 䰀愀眀爀攀渀挀攀 䈀攀爀欀攀氀攀礀 䰀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 䌀愀氀椀昀漀爀渀椀愀⸀ 䠀攀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀渀 䄀洀攀爀椀挀愀渀 挀椀琀椀稀攀渀 琀栀攀 猀愀洀攀 礀攀愀爀⸀
䤀渀 琀栀攀 攀渀猀甀椀渀最 礀攀愀爀猀Ⰰ 栀椀猀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀昀椀挀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 戀氀漀猀猀漀洀攀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 猀挀漀瀀攀 攀砀瀀愀渀搀攀搀⸀ 䠀椀猀 眀漀爀氀搀 氀攀愀搀椀渀最 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 渀漀眀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀猀 猀攀瘀攀渀 瘀攀爀礀 猀漀瀀栀椀猀琀椀挀愀琀攀搀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 戀攀愀洀猀 愀瀀瀀愀爀愀琀椀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀攀爀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 搀攀猀椀最渀攀搀 琀漀 瀀甀爀猀甀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀搀 眀椀琀栀 爀攀愀挀琀椀漀渀 搀礀渀愀洀椀挀猀Ⰰ 瀀栀漀琀漀挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀漀氀攀挀甀氀愀爀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀漀猀挀漀瀀礀⸀ 䠀椀猀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 栀愀猀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 愀琀琀爀愀挀琀攀搀 戀爀椀最栀琀 猀挀椀攀渀琀椀猀琀猀 昀爀漀洀 愀氀氀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀礀 愀氀眀愀礀猀 猀攀攀洀 琀漀 攀渀樀漀礀 眀漀爀欀椀渀最 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀⸀ 䠀攀 琀愀欀攀猀 最爀攀愀琀 瀀爀椀搀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀愀挀琀 琀栀愀琀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 昀椀昀琀攀攀渀 漀昀 栀椀猀 昀漀爀洀攀爀 愀猀猀漀挀椀愀琀攀猀 愀爀攀 猀攀爀瘀椀渀最 愀猀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀漀爀猀 椀渀 洀愀樀漀爀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀愀渀礀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 愀爀攀 洀愀欀椀渀最 最爀攀愀琀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀瘀愀琀攀 猀攀挀琀漀爀⸀
䰀攀攀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 眀椀昀攀Ⰰ 䈀攀爀渀椀挀攀 圀甀Ⰰ 眀栀漀洀 栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 洀攀琀 椀渀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀愀爀礀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 栀愀瘀攀 琀眀漀 猀漀渀猀Ⰰ 吀攀搀 ⠀戀漀爀渀 椀渀 㤀㘀㌀⤀Ⰰ 匀椀搀渀攀礀 ⠀戀漀爀渀 椀渀 㤀㘀㘀⤀ 愀渀搀 愀 搀愀甀最栀琀攀爀Ⰰ 䌀栀愀爀氀漀琀琀攀 ⠀戀漀爀渀 椀渀 㤀㘀㤀⤀⸀
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